Justice System And The Cases Of Miscarriages Criminology Essay

rightness System And The Cases Of Miscarriages Criminology EssayINTRODUCTIONCases of miscarriages of nicety curb come to light in recent years and stool become a celebrated issue in the society. Different reasons nourish been given for it like poor fact-finding reference booking practices, hook processes and custodial practices. However, inquiring wondering practices is the nearly rated as the cause of these injurists, hence, the purpose of this essay is to see how these boldnesss of miscarriages of jurist open helped in changing fact-finding reference practices for better.INVESTIGATIVE INTERVIEWINGAn oppugn is a conversation intended to yield randomness, it is essential to obtain correct, slender and comprehensive explanations that atomic number 18 rich in detail from all those heterogeneous within the pitiful arbiter process from victims, witnesses, colleagues, friends, neighbours, family and suspects. Interviews argon more often than not non-accusatory du ring the melodic line of study of an investigation the investigator allow conduct interviews with all avail adequate witnesses and dominance suspects. (Milne Bull, 2003, p.111)investigatory interviewing is an beta part of the investigative process for patrol officers, qualifying prevention agents, detectives or separate investigators. Most information is derived from people, which makes it eventful to lease knowledge and skill in interviewing, in establish to get the surpass of the interview process. The investigator should ask open-ended dubiousnesss in an attempt to discharge as much information as possible. The interview subject should do most (75%) of the talking during the conversation (Reid Associates, 2001). If, during the interview it is found that the subject has lied, the investigator should generally not con seem the subject. In most good precedents it is best to quarrel a lie during a follow-up interview or at a time the interviewer has moved into an interrogation.Interviews argon conducted at different levels of the investigative process, ranging from the initial law of nature interview of a victim, witness, or suspect to an in-court interview in front of a judge or otherwise decision makers. Interviews conducted during the initial manikin of the law investigation are usually the most critical in determining whether a illegal topic is solved (Fisher, Geiselman, Raymond, 1987), especially when in that respect is little or no physical evidence and only hotshot witness to guide the investigation. At this point in the investigation, there is grand potential to extract extensive, precise information, because the event is still fresh and, hence, comparatively accessible in the witnesses memory. Further more than, witnesses strike had little time to think ab out the event, so their immediate perceptions are credibly to be pristine, untainted by later influences. Properly conducted interviews may thus advance the cons tabulary investigation immeasurably by yielding thorough, accurate records of the crime details. On the other hand, poorly conducted interviews have the potential to distort the witnesses memories and contaminate the entire investigative process. (Hoffman, 2005)Among the most important traits for a successful interviewer are Empathy, Communication and Professionalism. exclusively three of these diagnostics combine to send a powerful message to the subject. That is, that the interviewer is an good soulfulness, who has all of the necessary evidence, and truly understands the feelings of ill-doing within the subject. Empathy is considered an essential characteristic of a good interviewer.EMPATHYEmpathy is the ability to understand and share in anothers feelings (Webster, 1972). Investigators who scoop out empathy easily notice with other people see things done anothers eyes. An interview or interrogation is a conversation between two merciful worlds. The subject and interview er are on an equal basis. Unlike the interviewer, the subject likely has no cultivation whatsoever in interviewing. But as a person the interviewee communicates with others all the time and erect identify when dealing with soul who is insincere. It is difficult to convincingly offer explanations and understanding to a subject when the interviewer cannot identify with the other person. This might make the interviewer seem insincere and make it difficult to obtain a fair account of the issue on ground. dialogueOne of the most important traits of a good interviewer is being able to communicate excellently. When people communicate they use more than words. Tone, inflection, volume and pauses are all essential aspects of Para-verbal communication. Non-verbal communication is as important as what is in truth being said. Gestures, posture, hand, eye and head move handst (or lack thereof) are merry parts of a persons non-verbal communication. The interviewer should also reappearance n ote of the messages sent by the subjects physiological responses such as skin tone, sweating and respiration. In around circumstances the interviewer entrust notice that one can visibly admonisher the subjects heart rate by observing the carotid pulse. The most important communication challenge for the interviewer is to be aware of all of these methods of communication. The interviewer moldiness take note of what he or she is receiving and also of what one is passing across. The magnetic core of interviewing is communication, notwithstanding how the interviewer presents oneself to the subject is the first communication that occurs.PROFESSIONALISMThe interviewer should be dressed in a passkey manner. The interviewer should put into consideration the subject and the location of the interview in the first place deciding on attire, the interviewers attitude should always be lord. No matter the outcome of the interview, the interviewer should not make sarcastic or judge remarks during or after the interview. The interview should begin civilly with a waggle and end in the same manner. The final role that professionalism plays in the interview is the attention to detail paid to the confession and statement. Someone, perhaps the interviewer, spent blue-chip time preparing the investigation. The investigation file will likely be complete of detail and description. Once the subject confesses, the professional interviewer will follow through with get uping the confession and capturing it in a detailed and accurate statement. probe is a core duty of policing. Given that the interviewing of victims, witnesses and suspects is central to the success of an investigation, the highest standards need to be upheld. In order to do this, forces need to develop and retain the valuable resource that the skills of their interviewers represent. Interviews that are professionally undertaken and quality visitd can realise several business benefits. In particular, they can Direct an investigation, which in turn can lead to a pursuit or proterozoic release of an innocent personSupport the prosecution case, thereby redeeming(a) time, money and resourcesIncrease public confidence in the Police serve up, oddly with witnesses and victims of crimes who come into direct contact with the police.Conversely, mischance to professionally undertake and assure quality interviews can have adverse consequences in terms of failure to adhere to legislation, passage of critical material, unsolved crime, lack of credibility and loss of confidence. The gathering of information from a well-prepared victim and witness interview will contribute mutual oppositionificantly to the investigation. An effective interview of a suspect will commit them to and account of events that may include an admission. In the admission, the suspect may detail how the offence was committed and thus the investigation can be more focused. The value of a properly obtained admission can lay down the mens rea of the offence, beyond doubt. (Hoffman, 2005)MISCARRIAGES OF JUSTICEThe mistakes that occur within the criminal umpire carcass can be described in various ways the criminal arbitrator system is founded on the presumption of innocence a judicial fiction intended to insulate the individual from abuses of state power and reduces the likeliness of a factually innocent person being coned. In order to cast this protective net as widely as possible, the appellant test has to be expressed in the neutral term of safety. The media and campaigners have different motivations and usually focus upon cases of innocence in order to realize public interest and to achieve reform. Despite the moral and political extend to of innocence cases, for those who seek to safeguard the rights of defendants and to uphold the integrity of the criminal legal expert system, it is imperative to resist allowing the criminal justice debate to degenerate into competing cl target areas of g uilt versus innocence.Miscarriage of Justice has been defined as A grossly inequitable outcome in a judicial proceeding, as when a strung-out is convicted despite lack of evidence on an essential element of the crime. (Barak, 2007). This interpretation can be attributed to wrongful arrests, wrongful charges or indictments, wrongful sentences, but most notably wrongful convictions arising from improper and insufficient investigations. agree to Barak, there are two general types of miscarriages of justice which are errors of payable influence and errors of impunity. Errors of due process involve unwarranted harassment, detention or conviction, or excessive sanctioning of people suspected of crimes. Errors of impunity refer to a authorize of justice that allows a culpable wrongdoer to remain at stupendous or escape justice in some way. Error of due process can lead to error of impunity, thus, if a person is wrong arrested, convicted and imprisoned for a crime that he/she did not commit. at that place is a good chance that the real offender will remain publish to commit other offences, meanwhile, there is a probability that the real offender will be arrested, convicted and arrested for another crime. Both types of error can demoralise the integrity and legitimacy of the turn Justice system.The origin of most miscarriages of justice can be said to be from the roots, which is the law enforcement agents. The police have a big role to play in ensuring justice is carried out always, but in doing this, proper investigations and interview have to be carried out to ascertain the right facts. There have been galore(postnominal) celebrated cases and many more of miscarriages of justice, as in the case of Stephen toss off who was convicted of the rack up of Wendy Sewell in aBakewellchurchyard in 1973. The 17-year-old had a reading age of 11 and worked at the cemetery as a gardener, he was made to sign a confession that he was unable to read by the police. The case gained international notoriety as the Bakewell Tart murder. After spending 27 years in prison, Stephen Downing was released on bail in February 2001, pending the declaration of an appeal. His conviction was finally overturned in January 2002.Miscarriages of Justice highlights the shortcomings of the Criminal justice system, it also reflects a tendency for police investigators to develop a theory as to responsibility for a crime and indeed to omit all other avenues for investigation. (Dixon 1999). This may occur as a subject of not following up other potential avenues of investigation or by active manipulation of evidence to support the theory. As in the case of The Cardiff Three, Steven Miller, Yusef Abdullahi, and Tony Paris who were falsely jailed for the murder of prostitute Lynette White, stabbed more than 50 times in a frenzied attack in a flat above a betting shop in Cardiffs Bute town area on Valentines Day 1988, and jailed in 1990. This was a serious case of misca rriage of justice as a result of poor investigation and interrogation by the police officers involved, the young men were bullied and coerced to falsely confess to a crime they did not commit, they were charged to court with the barest minimum of evidence and were later cleared on appeal in 1992 it was not until 2003 Jeffrey Gafoor was jailed for life for the murder. The breakthrough was due to modern deoxyribonucleic acid techniques used on evidence taken from the crime scene. Subsequently, in 2005, ennead retired Police Officers and three serving Officers were arrested and questioned for false imprisonment, conspiracy to pervert the course of justice and misconduct in public office.Another celebrated case of miscarriage of justice is that of Rachel Jane Nickell(23 November 1968-15 July 1992) who was the victim of asexual assaultandmurderonWimbledon Common,London, on 15 July, 1992. She was stabbed 49 times. On 18 December, 2008,Robert Napper, 42, pleaded censurable to Miss Nickel lsmanslaughteron the grounds ofdiminished responsibility.Colin Stagg had earlier been charged and then acquitted in relation to this murder, as there was no forensic evidence linking Mr Stagg to the scene, the police askedcriminal psychologistPaul Britton to create anoffender profileof the killer. They decided that Mr Stagg fitted the profile and asked Mr Britton to assist in designing a collusive operation, Operation Ezdell, to see whether Mr Stagg would eliminate or implicate himself, an undercover police woman using the pseudonym Lizzie James contacted Mr Stagg, posing as a friend of a woman with whom he used to be in contact via a lonely hearts column. She attempted to obtain information from him for over five months by feigning a romantic interest, run into him, speaking to him on the telephone and exchanging letters containing sexual fantasies. Believing on the advice of theCrown Prosecution Servicethat there was sufficient evidence to convict Mr Stagg, the police arrested and charged him on 17 August 1993 with Miss Nickells murder. When the case reached theOld Bailey,Mr Justice Ognall judged that the police had shown excessive zeal and had tried to impeach a suspect by deceptive conduct of the grossest kind. The entrapment evidence was excluded and the prosecution withdrew its case. Mr Stagg was acquitted in September 1994. This case is a clear example of a miscarriage of justice from different aspects bad investigative interviewing, ignorance of other leads, bad decisions and errors on the part of the police officers. The main culprit was left-hand(a) roaming around and went on committing crimes before he was eventually caught for another crime.There have been lots of other cases of miscarriages of justice with poor investigative interviewing being the major cause and other factors too. This led to the emergence of Judges Rules which was careworn by Judges in 1912, which was revised over the years and added to over the years and remained in force until they were replaced by the Police and Criminal exhibit act (PACE) 1984 and the Codes of Practice ( crime syndicate Office Circular 89, 1978) as a result public outcry concerning highly publicised miscarriages of justice (e.g. Guildford 4) in the UK, the Home Office is the central government department responsible for the criminal justice system) and Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) developed the investigative interviewing ethos and PEACE training course in the 1990s PEACE continues to be the Police Service framework for interviewing. There are five phases to the PEACE framework which arePlanning and Preparation This includes what to consider when planning for an interview, understanding the main labour and the essence of the interview to the case at hand.Engage and Explain This describes how to pick out with the special features of getting an interview started, involving the interviewee in the conversation, boding rapport, setting the interviewee at ease and inf orming him/her about rights and other judicial necessities, and establishing the ground rules.Account, illuminance and Challenge This deals with the central issue of obtaining the interviewees account, clarifying this and, where necessary, challenging it.Closure This is an important aspect of the whole process, a good closure is necessary to chink that there is a mutual understanding about all that transpired, it describes the considerations before closing an interview. evaluation This consists of asking questions about what was achieved during the interview and how it fits into the whole investigation. Evaluation also includes the development of an interviewers skill level, through assessment (self, peer and manager) and feedback.According to Griffith Milne (2005) Most of the identified problems with police interviews prior to PEACE were due to miscarriages of justice linked to false confessions. These false confessions were due to bad police interviewing processes, though subse quent legislative which has authorised compulsory audio tape transcription of all interviews with suspects and the right for a suspect to have a legal representative present should avoid a repetition of such occurrences. Miscarriages of Justice also led to the need to review police interviewing initiated under the aegis of the Association of Chief Police Offers (ACPO) and the Home Office. The National Strategic management Group on Investigative Interviewing exists to ensure the development and delivery of the most effective interview strategy. Its role is to ensure that a consistent and professional approach is adopted by the Police Service, which is able to withstand judicial and academic scrutiny and has the ability to instil public confidence. The overall aim of the National Strategic Steering Group on Investigative interviewing isTo succeed direction on the development of policy, practices and routines to ensure that the interviewing of victims, witnesses and suspects suppor ts professional investigation. The terms of reference of the National Strategic Steering Group on Investigative interviewing are To maintain an effective dialogue with key stakeholders to ensure high standards of professionalism and do delivery. To monitor the potential impact of any changes in law and procedure on interviewing practices and make recommendations on further changes as necessary. To provide advice to ACPO and other key stakeholders on technical and procedural issues that impact on the professional practice of investigative interviewing. To ensure that the National Occupational Standards applicable to investigative interviewing are fit for purpose. To inform the design and development of effective nurture and development products that supports the National Investigative Interviewing Strategy. To establish an effective partnership with the NPIA to develop professional practice and maintain operational support.The principles of investigative interviewing (NSLEC, 2004, pp. 16-20) which have generally stood the test of time have been revised. The Principles of Investigative Interviewing 2007 areThe aim of investigative interviewing is to obtain accurate and reliable accounts from victims, witnesses or suspects about matters under police investigation, accurate information to seek truth and not coercing false confessions.Investigators moldiness act fairly when questioning victims, witnesses or suspects, vulnerable people must be treated with particular consideration at all times.Investigative interviewing should be approached with an investigative mindset.Accounts obtained from the person who is being interviewed should always be time-tested against what the interviewer already knows or what can reasonably be established, investigative interviewing should be approached with an open mind.When conducting an interview, investigators are free to ask a wide enjoin of questions in order to obtain material which may assist an investigation.Investigators should signalize the positive impact of an early admission in the context of the criminal justice system.Investigators are not bound to accept the first adjudicate given. Questioning is not unfair merely because it is persistent, the interviewers duty is to get accurate and reliable information from an interviewee no matter the number of times the question is asked, as long as it is done carefully and not in an oppressive manner.Even when the right of silence is exercised by a suspect, investigators have a responsibility to put questions to them, if the interviewer believes truth can be derived from the person in question.Miscarriages of justice threaten the very foundation of a society, because in every liberal legal system, legal rights and autonomy are paramount. Miscarriages of justice undermines these individual rights which has led to an outcry by society and prompted the necessary bodies to build laws, policies and practices to be adhered to in order to prevent further misc arriages of justice arising from investigative interviewing and thus has improved investigative interviewing practices.RELEVANT CASE LAWR. v. Downing (2003, March 10) NewstatesmanR. v. Miller, Paris and Abdullah 1993 97, G. App. R.R. v. Stagg (1992) The Sun. Retrieved 3 January, 2011.

Emotionally And Socially Withdrawn Children And Young People Essay

Emotion eithery And Socially Withdrawn Children And Young stack EssayDivorce, marriage breakdowns and separation is an extremely stressful time for all involved entirely particularly the kidren/ unfledged person. They may begin to leave out in confidence and self esteem and pose emotionally withdrawn. repayable to the family upheaval, the minor or unseasoned person may begin to calorie-free focus on their own abilities and suffer mentally. In the same tip children and young people from a single p arnt family may withal suffer due to a wish of female/male character model which go off cause accessible stigma. In some households double p arents or lone parents may get word they have to work massive hours, resulting in little time remaining to focus on commit social, intellectual and emotional support. Some situations cause a child to find themselves becoming part of a step family by dint of their parent come across a new partner, which could result in friction be tween children from distributively side. Because of this particular situation the children or young person may go bad emotionally and socially withdrawn which could lead to an increasing risk of blustering(a) by peers.Various factors have an influence on a child and young persons development process in particular relation to their background. information is vital and major setbacks at a young age potbelly have a lasting impression on children and young people.Family stroke is a very traumatic time and experience for children or young people, even when they have been prepared for the worse. Emotional strain is created and outbursts of emotion should be expected during the bereavement period. Socially, children who have been through bereavement may aroma different apposed to their peers who havent experienced bereavement. This may result in the child or young person suffering intellectually due to regular absences from greenhouse or school, their concentration levels and behav iour may also be hited. base house sack also have an impact on a child and cause some great difficulty as the child has to adapt to a completely new situation, with changing their original greenhouse/school and having to adapt to a new routine. You may find that in these situations a child/young person may become exceedingly emotional and socially introverted.HealthThere sens be galore(postnominal) health aspects that affect a child/young persons development. Children become extremely resilient and are often able to manage their conditions very well however, legitimate aspects of their development put up prove challenging throughout periods of fed up(p) health.Children may suffer from conditions such as asthma, which if non well controlled, chamberpot cause children to have extended periods of time off from school. This in annul leads to intellectual development being compromised as well as social development due to relationships not being maintained.Disability in child ren, whether it be physical or intellectual groundwork be particularly difficult. A child that has a hearing impairment may suffer physically through loss of balance or socially through having to extend in alternative ways such as sign dustup/makaton. A physical disability such as Cerebral paralyse can be physically challenging due to being limit in taking part in certain activities. This can affect social situations due to these restrictions and can affect a child/young person emotionally questioning why they are different causation low self-esteem.Being diagnosed with a serious failureness such as cancer as a child/young person can also prove to lead to developmental issues. All areas of development can be compromised, intellectually, through missing school and being as well ill to complete set work. They may suffer physically depending on the item illness causing them to be weak and/or in too much pain and discomfort to complete physical activities. Socially they may be t oo ill to interact with others and/or maintain friendships. They may also become emotionally withdrawn and find it difficult to treat with their emotions.Allergies affect many children, particularly food allergies this in spin can lead to social problems as they may become excluded from certain situations where their allergies are not known. In contrast they may feel a certain social stigma as their allergies are highlighted, for example when eating luncheon at school, they may be required to wear a especial(a) badge which shows their allergies, causing them to feel different from their peers. They have to be more than physically aware of their condition and how this can cause changes in their system and manage this accordingly.EnvironmentEnvironmental factors can play a abundant part in affecting a child/young persons development. These can vary from cultural factors to living conditions.Children/young people from less advantaged backgrounds who outlive in poverty can have the ir development seriously compromised. They are less likely to have educational support from parents/carers which in turn creates intellectual problems for the child/young person. This is further influenced by having a lack of learning resources available such as access to computers and books. They may become disillusioned with education from an early age which sets them on a line of social and emotional turmoil. Also, they may suffer socially by not being able to participate in certain paid activities offered through school and outside school which means they interact less in physical activities. They may also feel that they cannot compete with their peers with regards to fashion trends and owning the up-to-the-minute technology. They might not seem to be as physically virile as their peers parents/carers might experience difficulty in providing healthy, regular meals which can cause problems with their physical well-being. Their emotions can seem quite immature at times and they may well become emotionally withdrawn but also prone to emotional outbursts associated with behavioural difficulties, displaying a lack of attention.

Influences of Egyptian Art on Art Deco

Influences of Egyptian maneuver on prowess DecoA oration on trick Deco how it was educate ond by the uncovering of Egyptian finesse, to a greater extent specifically the findings at Tutankhamens grave.Explore how the capital of the United Kingdom order of battle of these findings was of great signifi shadowerce to the military mans of fake interiors in the 1970s and how many formu late(a)ers started to redeploy Egyptian motifs in their work. openingEgyptian art and externalise was very much centred on enhancive motifs and patterns for both large and small items. As Egyptian artefacts were uncovered and became know to mod civilization, their art tropes began to have an shape on innovational purport.1 This physical composition will commission at how these Egyptian motifs and throws became broadly influential on the art Deco heading in the 1920s and 1930s, as well as the revitalization of the movement in the 1970s. There will be a particular focus upon the artefacts found in the legendary tomb of Tutankhamen. done the capital of the United Kingdom exhibition of this work, its enhancive motifs spread into what we now know were the beginnings of the cunning Deco movement. It too had a strong make for on the resurgence of fine art Deco blueprints in 1970s home decorations and furnishings.The paper will be damp into devil main elementalisations, with the outset surgical incision human faceing at the familiar puzzle out of Egyptian design on blind Deco design. The second section will then look at specific examples of designs and designers to support the claims of Egyptian influence on graphics Deco design through the artefacts of the Tutankhamen exhibition.Firstly, though, it is worth mentioning a brief hi humbug of how Egyptian design began to influence modern design, oddly in the Western world. It was in the 18th century that Egyptian design first became wayable for furnishing inside British homes, mainly through the in fluence of Italian design at the epoch. This is when frankly Egyptian items were world utilize as designs within homes, including obelisks and sphinxes. As Western decree learnt to a greater extent well-nigh Egypt through the decipherment of the Ro assignta Stone, the opening of the Suez Canal and an exhibition of Egyptian artefacts by Belzoni in 1821, the trend for Egyptian design as a mood continued end-to-end the 19th century and into the early 20th century.2However, during this term much of the Egyptian designs were limited to copies or replicas of large, visible artefacts of Egypt. It was non until the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamen in 1922 that the styling of Egyptian design began to really influence modern design. The artefacts in Tutankhamens tomb were of amazing quality and flair, and it is these artefacts that excite the artistic production Deco movement. Examples first appeared in architecture much(prenominal) as the Hoover build in London in 1931/3 2, which is inactive nearly today. umteen different aspects of design from this effect such as furniture, jewelry, and til now clothing were influenced by Egyptian design. However, it was the subterfuge Deco movement that took Egyptian motifs and designs and riding habitd them in a different way, preferably than exactly copying or reproducing existing designs. 3The artefacts of Tutankhamen over at a time more had an influence on design in the 1970s as they were exhibited in London. This sparked a renewed interest in Egyptian design and again clothing, furnishing and decorations were created in an Egyptian way of life.The next section of the paper will look at the general design similarities between Egyptian design, curiously the Tutankhamen artefacts, and the nontextual matter Deco movement.Influence of Egyptian Motifs on maneuver DecoAt first glance, the obvious similarity between Egyptian design as seen in Tutankhamens tomb and device Deco design is the work of d ecoration to cover as many different surfaces as possible. Egyptian designs were highly decorative, and this was a huge influence on the dodge Deco movement that used decorative patterns and design elements wherever there was space to do so. 4However, the term cheat Deco itself was non coined until the 1960s, and in the 1920s and 1930s the movement which is later known as Art Deco was more concerned with mixing the glamour of Hollywood with the orphic and spiritual designs of superannuated cultures such as Mayan and Egyptian.The concept of Art Deco was to do with forms, shapes and geometric lines which signified the rise of the machine age, the aeroplane and the automobile. However, they withal mimicked the geometric patterns found in Egyptian design and hieroglyphs.5 As 1930s Britain and the States were reaching a more advanced stage than modern hostelry had ever achieved, the style of Art Deco paid homage to this through its use of the Egyptian motifs the motifs of the pi nnacle of superannuated society.The influence from Egyptian design in addition had to do with a trance for the primitive and the primeval of ancient clock. The influence of the Tutankhamen artefacts can be seen in the adoption of pharaonic imagery in Art Deco, such as scarabs and cats.6 An article in Harpers Bazaar in 1928 showed this influence trailly by showing womens accessories of the time against profiled heads of Egyptian females.7There was a very clear influence from Egyptian design on the Art Deco architecture in cities kindred London and particularly Manhattan in the 1930s. Symbolically, the beginning of the era of skyscrapers is like the looming of the ancient Pyramids. There is a certain sense of mystery in such powerful and bossy structures, and this was certainly part of the Egyptian influence on Art Deco architecture at the time.8 Other designs in Europe more showed more direct influence from Egyptian design, with gain style apartments and buildings being plan ned in London, New York and Paris as a sign of luxury and sophistication.9Hybridism is any(prenominal) other area where Egyptian design has influenced Art Deco. Egyptian design was base upon a mix of traditionalistic and contemporary styles, and complicated decorative style with function and purpose. Art Deco also did this by mixing not and Egyptian styles besides the styles of other ancient cultures as well as the functionality and precision of modern design.10 Whilst Egyptian design was a hybrid of designs from the cultures and peoples that were prevail by the ancient Egyptians, so Art Deco was a mixture of the traditional and the modern from all over the world.Egyptian design was also distinguished as a social influence on Art Deco, because the discovery of Tutankhamen and the tombs wonderful artefacts represented a time when luxury, religious mysticism and a golden age were occurring. During the 1920s and 1930s people were still recovering from the ravages of the First foundation War, and they wanted to move away from those times of hardship into a new era of peace, fashion and decadence. Egyptian design was a perfect representation of such an era, and this is another reason why the Art Deco designs of the time incorporated Egyptian motifs.11The geometric patterns of Art Deco notwithstanding are perhaps the main focus of the movements aesthetic, and came not only from Egyptian design influences plainly from the influences of Cubism. It was the geometric patterns of Cubism mixed with the decorative aesthetic of Egyptian design that influenced much of the European and the Statesn movements of Art Deco during the 1920s and the 1930s.12A further design aspect of Art Deco influenced by the Egyptian, or at least the perception of Egyptian, design was the concept of female style. The 1920s and the 1930s were the start of a new era for effeminate style after the austere fashions of the early 1900s. Egypt, with its female gods and female opinion fig ures, is seen as a barometer of classic feminine elegance and style. Therefore, many of the fashion styles and interpretations of Egypt at the time were based on this idea of femininity. Nowhere can this be better seen than in the 1930s film version of the story of Cleopatra, where Cleopatra is played by Claudette Colbert. The movie was made on the tail end of the popularity of Egyptian-inspired Art Deco, or Nile Style as it was sometimes referred to in Hollywood circles. Colberts image as Cleopatra was far more about current Art Deco style than historic recreation of Egyptian design.13She even advertised her hairs-breadth in a curled Egyptian style and endorsed Cleopatra Egyptian-inspired dresses and gowns like those shown in the movie. Even the physical feminine style for women at the time of being tall and thin was similar to historical records of the feminine style preferable in ancient Egypt. Her costumes in the film were influenced by those historically enter for Isis. Bel ow is an example of this style, showing the influence of Egyptian style on Art Deco even in contemporary movie-making of the time. This may have been a film based on an Egyptian story, further Colbert was known for clothing modern styles even in such movies and this is reflected in the Art Deco Egyptian dress worn. Colberts Art Deco Cleopatra Look14The Art Deco movements use of Egyptian motifs and design was certainly launched fully by the discovery of Tutankhamens tomb in 1922, and this set off the recreation and interpretation of Egyptian artefacts and design in al some all areas of art and design. This ranged from costumes such as those knowing by Sonia Delaunay, the Egyptian Theatre by Grauman and the biscuit tins of Huntley and Palmer. most of these designs will be examined more closely in the next section of the essay. What all of these designs share is the sense of decadence, elegance and sophistication that people in demand(p) during this era and was expressed through t he use of Egyptian motifs.15Art Deco architecture was influenced by Egyptian architectural techniques in that it places a certain splendour on esthetics as well as functionality. This makes the architecture close set(predicate) in some ways to painting or art rather than merely the design of buildings. Art Deco buildings like the Egyptian buildings were highly functional, further not at the cost of style and decoration.16Jewellery of the Art Deco period was also greatly influenced by Egyptian design as well. The fascination with Egyptian culture meant that artefacts from Tutankhamens tomb were reproduced or at the very least elements of their design were used for highly sought after jewellery pieces. Although Egyptian motifs had been used before this time, this was the first time that they were used to such an extent in modern, fashionable design. Van Cleef and Arpels in Paris set tiny Egyptian figures in coloured stones into a diamond background, and Cartier knowing Egyptian-in spired clocks. A heavy use of previous metals such as atomic number 78 and gold as well as diamonds became more popular, inspired by the hugely elaborate and stunning gold pieces found in the tomb. However, this cause of jewellery became less(prenominal) popular after the 1929 Wall Street come down and cheaper materials were again used.17However, not all of the Art Deco movement was influenced so to a great extent by Egyptian design. The Art Deco movement in Paris was influenced more by the visit of the Russian ballet and the aesthetics that came with their performance. However, in London and New York the scenes, particularly architecture and interior decoration were highly influenced by Egyptian design.18However, towards the end of the 1930s the style started to become less fashionable, and tastes changed. The Art Deco movement though would be revived in Britain in the 1960s and 1970s, again when it was heavily influenced by the arrival of the London exhibition of the Tutankha men artefacts.The first stirrings of the Art Deco revivification in London were through retail styles of stores like Biba in Kensington. The ceramic designs of Clarice Cliff were still in high demand, and even the headquarters of MI6 has a number of Art Deco touches in terms of dilate and symmetry. 19However, it was the arrival of the Tutankhamen exhibition in London in 1972 that again sparked a revival of Egyptian-inspired Art Deco style. The sheer excitement and luxuriousness of the exhibition of these world far-famed treasures meant that Egyptian design once again became fashionable. The exhibition attracted around 1.7 million viewers in its year run and inspired the revival of the Egyptian inspired Art Deco movement that is sometimes referred to as Egyptian Revival Art.20This revival of the Art Deco was also a rejoinder to Modernism that had deemed Art Deco too decadent and had replaced the decoration with cleaner looks. The postmodern architecture and design began to pay homage to the decorative excesses of Art Deco and rhetorical jewellery, ostentatious sports cars and lacquered furniture once again moved design back towards a more decorative aesthetic.21It was almost as if the arrival of the Tutankhamen exhibition sparked a remembrance of the Art Deco style, and this created the first real collecting class of Art Deco in the UK. Exhibitions and retrospectives began to flourish and the movement was looked at again in a new light. It once again became fashionable as celebrities such as Elton John and Barbra Streisand began to collect Art Deco pieces. 22We have seen in this section how Egyptian motifs were one of the key elements in the Art Deco movement in the 1920s. The real spark of inspiration came with the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamen by Howard Carter in 1922. The decadence and decorative supplication of the artefacts in this tomb appealed to the tastes and fashions of the time and became imbedded in the Art Deco movement. The archite cture of New York and London during this period is highly influenced by Egyptian motifs, as well as the furnishings, fashion and art.Although the movement was replaced by Modernism in the 1940s, the arrival of the Tutankhamen exhibition in London in 1972 once again created a demand for Art Deco designs that were inspired by Egyptian motifs.The next section of this paper will examine some of the key examples of Egyptian motifs within Art Deco design in the 1920s/30s and the 1970s in Britain and how they are inspired by the artefacts found in Tutankhamens tomb.Examples of Egyptian Motifs in Art Deco spirt and InteriorsThe Egyptian motifs appeared in Art Deco in the 1920s and 1930s most prominently in the architecture of Britain and America. In Britain, perhaps the best endure example of this Egyptian inspiration in Art Deco is the Hoover build in Perivale.23 Other good examples still to be seen in London are The Daily Telegraph expression designed by Ernest Elcock (1928-1931). Thi s building has huge, bulging Egyptian columns. Another building of the same era is the Carreras Building in Camden which features an imposing Egyptian colonnade. 24 The Carreras Building is influenced by the Temple of Bubastis, the cat-headed goddess. It had a sense of spaciousness and light to match the mystical feeling of the ancient temple, and was adorned with a wide variety of Egyptian motifs and designs.25In America one of the earliest examples was the Egyptian Theatre (1922) by Sid Grauman. However, many of the skyscrapers in New York built during this era have some Egyptian influence even the famous Empire State Building with its needle-like point and angulate edges similar to many of the needles found in antediluvian patriarch Egypt.26The rebuilding of San Francisco after the terrible 1906 earthquake was masterminded by Timothy Pfleuger. He built a number of Art Deco buildings including the Castro Theatre and the Telephone Building. Pfleuger mixed all types of ancient cul tural influences into his decorative works including Egyptian and Mayan motifs.27Interior design was also influenced by the Egyptian motifs from Tutankhamens tomb. The Harrods Egyptian escalator hall in London may not be the best example of Art Deco, that it shows how the influence of Egyptian design continues even as art movements change. The designer, William George Mitchell said that he wanted the stair end to be a walk in sculpture, a journey from the Lower Nile to the Upper Nile.28It is also clear that the areas where Art Deco was most prevalent tend to have the most examples of Egyptianized architecture. London has some, but the Art Deco movement was more prevalent in New York and this is where the largest submersion of Egyptianized buildings is located.The influences of Egyptian design could even be seen in the writings of famous literary minds of the time. F. Scott Fitzgerald begins one of his most famous short stories known as May Day with a sort of Mock Arabian origina tion of how New York will be reborn for the Art Deco. It establishes the splendor of exoticness within Art Deco, which is certainly something that Egyptian design can supplement to the mix.29This exoticism can be seen in the jewellery of the time, particularly the high-aesthetics of Cartier. As Bracewell discusses an exhibition at the Victoria and Albert museum on Art Deco, a 1925 chest of drawers case is mentioned as an example of this Egyptian-inspiration in Art Deco. The vanity case is the shape of a sarcophagus, and illustrates the exotic luxury that is synonymous with Egyptian designs in Art Deco pieces. The catalogue option for the vanity case reads as a veritable plethora of hedonic materials and decorative design Gold, platinum, carved bone, sapphires, emeralds, diamonds, onyxes and beautify interior with folding mirror, tortoiseshell comb, lipstick holder and cigarette compartment.30The Cartier jewellery epitomised both the visual design aspects of Egyptian design in Art Deco, but also the ethos and holy mans of the Art Deco movement. The jewellery was decadent, but because it harkened back to the ago and primeval culture it was not ostentatious in the same way as the Art Nouveau movement before it. The Cartier brand and its use of cherished materials using modern lines, but combined with ancient motifs and symbols, shows the glamour and outflow that Art Deco was trying to create.31The furnishings of the time were also examples of the almost Pharoah-esque aesthetics of the Art Deco movement. Two houses in England Coleton Fishacre and Courthauld house are excellent examples of the use of luxurious fabrics and different textured materials within Art Deco interior design. The influence from Egyptian design is less obvious here, and is more to do with the luxurious fabrics and importance of aesthetics that are stylistically similar to the ancient Egyptian palatial interiors. Both use clean lines mixed with good work, sensitive firing off a nd textured materials to create a tactile environment.The interior of Coleton Fishacre was designed by Basil Ionides, who invoked a Jazz Age feel in the house. dine rooms contained Lalique lights, and ornate iron framed furnishings. The sea-blue tabletop was clearly influenced by the colours within the Tutankhamen tomb. 32The initial movement of Art Deco was certainly geared towards the focal ratio classes and incorporated not only the influences from the Tutankhamen tomb but also the improvements in transport technologies and communication. This brought new and exotic materials to the market such as ebony, shark skin, mother of pearl, lacquer and tropical woods. This allowed for experimentation with new and exciting materials, but still paying tribute to the traditional and ancient cultures where they came from. The Egyptian influence was just one of these influences, although perhaps the most striking of all admit thanks to the artefacts found and the decorative beauty of the i tems in the tomb.The rise in consumerism reflected the break of the day of a new and wonderful age, and so it was only natural that elements of antecedently successful and respected societies would be included in design. With no society more famed and revered in the ancient world than Ancient Egypt this meant the design elements crept into many of the styles of age including the Chrysler Building by William Van Alen (1927-1930). beneficial as the pyramids of ancient times were engineering wonders that looked like they could not be built by the hands of humans, the modern skyscrapers of the 1920s and 1930s were designed to look like they were made by machines, with their huge heights and angular structures.33However, the movement changed somewhat in the later era of Art Deco and the revival in the 1970s, where again Tutmania took over and the demand from the masses for Egyptian inspired design meant that mass production techniques and cheaper materials were now used and the focus was less on luxury and more on the motifs and exoticism of Egyptian design. The designs became more like reproductions of Egyptian designs than inspirations within a distinct movement.Fashion throughout the Art Deco period though was perhaps one of the most heavily influenced areas of design. Delaunay was one such fashion designer of the Art Deco period who was influenced by Egyptian designs. She had always incorporated different styles into her work, including influences from Fauvism, Cubism and cultural trends. Her career sawing machine her develop from a painter to a designer, and it was in her capacity as a designer that she was involved in costumes for Diaghilevs version of Cleopatra (1917). Many of the costumes for dancers of this production could not be full recreations of Egyptian clothing, but instead were Art Deco pieces that hinted at Egyptian motifs through the scarves and other accessories for the costumes.34However, it must also be shown that there were a number of designers within the Art Deco movement influenced by other designs. Clarice Cliff marked her Art Deco with different social designs, but was perhaps most famous for her use of bold colours and Cubist designs. Although there are certainly some Egyptian influences in Cliffs work, it was her hybridity and blending of styles in pottery that made her a success in the late Art Deco period, and still makes her work sought after today.Cliff mixed themes from the Jazz Age and exotic elements of different ethnic cultures with elements of De Stijl and Cubism to create Art Deco pottery that was influenced by everything yet looked like none of the individual influences. The items she created were meant as household items and used materials that were less expensive than the opulence associated with the earlier Art Deco period.However, the concept of hybridity is certainly an idealistic homage to the hybridity seen within the great and Ancient Empires such as the regularization of the Egyptians . Their culture mixed together all of the cultures they had observed and the knowledge they had learnt, which was evident in their fine but elaborate designs. Cliffs design mimics this with its use of hybridity, and whilst visually there are few influences in Cliffs work to Egyptian design, her use of Art Deco hybridity is indirectly influenced by the hybridity of Egyptian design. 35 closely all of the major Art Deco designs have some influence from Egyptian design, either through their visual aspects such as Egyptian motifs or through the ideals of hybridity, exoticism, decoration and aesthetics. The designers that have been looked at in this section give a glimpse at both the visual influence of Egyptian design on Art Deco design as well as the idealistic influence. From the deep-sea blues of the table at Coleton Fishacre to the bejewelled sarcophagus-shaped case created by Cartier, Art Deco owes a great deal of its stylistic and visual appeal to Egyptian name. This is most evid ent in large cities such as London and New York where the giant architectural monoliths carry the motifs and flourishes of Egyptian design.Whilst Egyptian design was popular before the Art Deco movement, it was the discovery of Tutankhamens tomb in 1922 that really influenced the movement. The artefacts found in this collection were so mesmerising and unlike anything seen before that their style was sought-after as an escape from the previous designs of the late 19th century and early 20th century. This link to Egyptian design is not only in the visual aspects but in this ideal of luxury, exoticism and hybridity that epitomises Art Deco.The next section will conclude the paper, and look at the main points of similarity and influence between Egyptian design and Art Deco, and how this is particularly linked to the Tutankhamen artefacts.ConclusionArt Decos mark was to break away from the Art Nouveau of the 19th century and break the rule of not paying tribute to onetime(prenominal) styles, whilst still looking forward. Art Deco did this by looking at truly ancient motifs and styles from Egypt that was at once primeval and dazzlingly modern because of the distance of time between the modern era and the ancient era.36 The need to move away from the horrors of the First World War and embrace and new, elegant and decadent present meant that the 1920s were a place where decorative design took precedence. However, it was the discovery of Tutankhamens tomb in 1922 by Howard Carter that really caught the imagination of the public and pushed Egyptian design as a major influence for the Art Deco movement. Although the term Art Deco was not coined until the 1960s37, the influences of Egyptian design on the movement in the 1920s and 1930s can be seen throughout all aspects of design at this time.The Art Deco architecture of New York and London was heavily influenced by Egyptian motifs including the pyramid shapes, the decorative interiors and exteriors and the sheer size and dominating presence of the buildings themselves. The design aspects of furnishings, jewellery and even fashion were influenced by Egyptian design during the Art Deco period. The two styles have similarities in concept and meaning as well as visual appearance, with both styles being a synergy of different styles and techniques from the past and the present. This is why the influence of Egyptian design within Art Deco is so far reaching, with all the different materials and types of design being used in this movement.Also, both movements place the bulk of importance upon decorative aesthetics, with function outstanding but not at the cost of decoration. The use of precious metals, general and multiple design elements and geometric designs also match. Even the ideas of femininity were fairly similar as can be seen through Hollywood movies of the time and their use of sleek, tall women wearing clothes that enhanced their appeal as Goddesses or powerful, mysterious women.The movem ent was replaced by modernism in the 1940s, but it was once again revived in the UK in the 1970s with the arrival of the London exhibition of the Tutankhamen artefacts. Egyptian-inspired furnishings, decorations, jewellery and fashion became popular, and this era is often dubbed as the Egyptian Revival Movement. It coincided with a renewed interest in Art Deco, and shows the deep links between the Art Deco movement and Egyptian design not only in visual similarity but in design ideals and principles.In conclusion, the influence of Egyptian design on Art Deco both in the 1920s/1930s and the 1970s was significant, constituting not only a visual influence on the movement but a stylistic and symbolic significance. Although Art Decos primary style of geometric patterns and lines was perhaps more heavily influenced by Cubism, the decorative aesthetics of Egyptian design brought many of the design aspects and motifs that we associate with the Art Deco movement.Bibliographytwentieth CENTURY LONDON. (2008) Art Deco Style. (Online). Available at http//www.20thcenturylondon.org.uk/server.php?show=conInformationRecord.72 (Accessed 25th October 2008).BINNEY, M. (2007) vibrant motifs from the old world found new life in Art Deco. The Times, November 15th, 2007. Available at http//entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/specials/tutankhamun/article2864301.eceBRACEWELL, M. (2003) Another Time, Another Place. New Statesman, 132(4631), p. 38+.CHILVERS, I. (1999) A Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Art, Oxford, Oxford University Press.CLOUZOT, H. (1997) Art Deco Decorative Ironwork, Courier Dover Publications.CONDON, S. (2007) How Hollywood manipulates register through costume, University of Portsmouth Dissertation. Available at http//dissertations.port.ac.uk/179/01/CondonS.pdfCRANFIELD, I. (2001) Art Deco An Architectural and Interior Design Source Book, Devon, David Charles Publishers.DAWSON, J. (2003) Deco Rationale. The Architectural Review, 214(1275), p. 21+.DOWS, D. (1942) Review of Egyptian Architecture as Cultural Expression by E. Baldwin Smith. American Jo

Economic Impact Of Marijuana Legalization Economics Essay

Economic Impact Of kittynabis Legalization economic science EssayDrug dealers in America have mastered the supposition of affix and demand. They have identified their target audience and are doing an undreamt of chew over at keeping competition down. They speedily work towards a monopoly in their respective areas. They even up keep ahead of the game by obtaining the best product at the lowest worth before hiking up the price to potential sullyers.They are running an underground gold exploit and the giving medication hasnt been getting a penny of the proceeds. In occurrence, the political sympathies and tax accepters go through between 20 and 25 cardinal dollars a year (Osler, 2012), on prosecuting dealers and incarcerating those who possess hemp. But points are facts and this is how America works. It may be for this land that voters in Washington and Colorado decided to legalize marihuana. On November 7, 2012, severalise legislators in both Washington and Col orado passed an initiative and an amendment, respectively, to allow for the possession, distribution, and secluded recreational white plague of set upnabis.From an economic perspective, on that point would be numerous benefits to legalizing marijuana. The states bear to test a rapid decline in arrests for marijuana possession, salve money from the reduced need for law enforcement for marijuana prohibition. This proves to potentially yet Colorado alone an average of $40.1 million, (Stiffler, 2012), in costs associated with incarceration.Not simply will the economic concussion of legitimation of marijuana help present the disposal on law enforcement expenses, but it will in addition wrap up the possibility of large sums of revenue from the commercialise supply and demand of the fresh legalized product, generating an impressive derive from sales tax. As a new pains emerges within the workforce, desperately needed employment opportunities will arise cross shipway the country, stimulating the economy by initially providing 4,200 new product lines (Fottrell, 2012). It will withal help upsurge our Gross Domestic Product (GDP), as more(prenominal) goods will be stickd and retailed.The economic impact of the legalisation of marijuana covers some human faces of the economy. In Mark Oslers U.S. Should Honor States New Pot Laws CNN.com, Osler discusses the conflict that arises from a state passing a law that contradicts a federal law. He examines the sides of both the proponents and opponents to the federal organization cracking down on medicate use in Colorado and Washington. Osler goes in depth virtually how the federalists fight the States and want the government to leave them alone to govern their states how they choose, and how the moralists would like to see the federal government enforce the federal narcotics laws despite the voters decisions in the states. The condition similarly analyses how harder medicines deliver a lesser pu nishment than more small fry drugs and how drug laws in the past have done curt to permanently curb drug use.Amendment 64 would produce $60 million in new revenue and savings for Colorado, by Christopher Stiffler, presents a systematic commence to how the government will benefit from the passing of the amendment. The article discusses the various shipway that the legalisation of marijuana will positively affect the economy and besides describes in detail the how tax revenue will be generated and employ to benefit Colorado. Stiffler alike focuses on the details of the amendment itself and how a deracination in governmental thinking bottom of the inning save millions of taxpayer dollars.Quentin Fottrells How to Invest in Legalized Marijuana, describes the cursorily growing market demand for marijuana and marijuana related products. He gives descriptions of several marijuana centered companies and offers his opinion on the enjoinion of the economy. Fottrell overly mentions h ow the marijuana market is spreading over to other industries and explains the benefits and pitfalls of investing in marijuana related deport.Unperturbed Puffery, by B.A., is an article that focuses on the likelihood of the Obama administration to enforce federal laws in Colorado and Washington. B.A. takes a operose stance on the issue and sides with the federalists who prefer a hands-off glide path from the federal government. The articles examines the costs related to incarcerating large number with marijuana related charges and concludes with mentioning how the government should have more important issues to tend to than marijuana possession.Mike Moffatts Would Marijuana Legalization Increase the Demand for Marijuana?, answers a readers question about the demand for marijuana if it becomes legal. Moffatt consults the experts to form an opinion on the issue. The experts seem to turn over overall that demand will increase unless the price goes up excessively oft(prenominal) , in which case it will stay the same. The article also mentions how the legalization of the drug may have the opposite tack together because the allure of marijuana comes in part from the fact that it is illegal. Moffatt also locutions at other countries experiences with the legalization of marijuana and concludes that legal or non, people will continue to use it.Should Governments Legalize and Tax Marijuana? by Mike Moffatt discusses the economics of drug dealers and compares their gelts to potential profits that the government could make by legalizing marijuana. He breaks down the profit percentage from course sales and considers a shift from street profit to governmental tax revenues. Moffatt also considers the health of the consumers and educational benefits that can arise from the legalization of marijuana.C. Whitakers The Economic Effects of Legalizing Marijuana, takes a look at the headache aspect of legalizing marijuana. The article discusses how the underground bus iness can become legal and even how former underground drug dealers can get off welfare and become legal entrepreneurs. Whitaker also examines the economic impact of the marijuana and how a lowered price would allow for cash to be spent elsewhere in the economy. Whitaker claims in the article that the legalization of marijuana will help put an end to poverty by creating business opportunity for drug pushers and will also save money for prisons e genuinelywhere.As stated before, the economic impact of illegal marijuana comes at an expense to us all. This expense is obtained from the costs associated with cracking down on those who are buying and selling drugs, prosecuting them in the courts, and providing food and shelter for them in pokey cells. According to Mark Osler, the amount that has gone towards these efforts has been between 20 and 25 billion dollars a year for the past decade (Osler, 2012). When prison-breaking these figures down, it is revealed that, 12.4% of federal pr isoners convicted on drug charges were locked up for marijuana offenses. Thats about 11,630 people, at an average cost of $25,500 to $26,000 per person per year (B.A., 2012). Multiplying these figures yields a resultant role of more than 290 million spent annually on jailing inmates, at the federal level, who were caught with marijuana. In the grand scheme of things, this is quite a sum of money that could be allocated towards other things.A reporter for The Economist says that, Prosecuting people for marijuana offenses is a waste of resources (B.A., 2012). The reporters sentiment is understood based on the fact that, quatern out of Five of the 1.64 million people arrested for drug violations were accused of possession, and one-half of those arrests were for carrying what were often very small amounts of marijuana (Osler, 2012). When comparing the effects of marijuana, a schedule 1 narcotic, and the effects of cocaine and opium, schedule 2 narcotics (less offensive), (Osler, 2012) , it makes little sense that a substance that has no known scientific goal toll, cancer causing side effects, or even evidence of creation an addictive substance should cause so many people to be put behind bars at tax payers expense. This is one rationality why voters have decided to make marijuana legal in Washington and Colorado.The expense of police in Colorado alone shows genuine potential governmental savings. According to Christopher Stiffler and Colorados direct budget costs for enforcing marijuana prohibition, $40.1 million is spent annually enforcing marijuana prohibition, (Stiffler, 2012). This is seen in the chart below, (Stiffler 2012).Colorados direct budget costs for enforcing marijuana prohibitionAgencyTotal expenditurePercent spent enforcing prohibitionAmount spent enforcing prohibition constabulary$82,676,4914.41$3,646,033Judicial$340,243,5787$23,817,050Corrections$634,934,0292$12,698,681Total$40.1 millionAs explained on a state and national level, legalizing marijuana has a very positive effect on the police expense, potentially creating a notability amount of revenue from savings alone.Not only are expenses a detriment from illegal marijuana but forgone profit is a disallow effect as well. An economist named Stephen T. Easton conducted a study using selective information from Canada to calculate the amount of tax revenue that legalizing marijuana could bring to the government (Moffatt, 2012). The study showed that the average price of .5 grams of marijuana sold for $8.60 on the street with a production cost of only $1.70. (Moffatt, 2012) These figures would amount to a $6.90 profit for drug dealers. Any survivor of an ECON 5003 course would know that with a profit like this, competition would be intense. What keeps these drug dealers with a local monopoly is the fact that the possession and distribution of marijuana is illegal and subject to serious jail time. This risk factor is what keeps others from trying to get in on the action. This also keeps supply restricted and demand spicy for the product, leaving drug dealers with good for you(p) profits at the expense of the government.Now that marijuana has been legalized, it is expected that the demand for marijuana will increase. With the risk factor gone, far more people will engage in recreational activities involving marijuana. Drug dealers will no monthlong make as much profit due to the fact that anyone can potentially sell marijuana. With a larger supply, the prices from the once single(a) drug market will drop drastically resulting in a price much closer to the cost of production.With marijuana being legal, there will be government run distributers who will, based on prefatorial supply and demand modules, offer the drug at a much lower base price. However, because marijuana will be closely modulate much like tobacco and alcohol, the taxes from licensing and distribution will drive the supply purchase price up and revenue will rival that of certain day drug dealers. When transferring the profit once make outed by drug dealers to the U.S. government in the form of taxes and distribution costs, and leaving transportation and merchandising issues behind, the government would end up with revenue of $7 per .5 grams of marijuana, (Moffatt, 2012) With the collection of tax on each marijuana cigarette and again leaving transportation and marketing issues behind, this adds up to over a $2 billion profit, (Moffatt, 2012).Without the legalization of marijuana, the street price of marijuana will stay the same because there is a very limited and risky to purchase supply. The distributors or drug dealers enjoy a relatively stable quantity demanded because of this unchanging price. Now that marijuana has been legalized, the demand will increase due to the fact that consumers no longer have a risk in acquire marijuana. Looking at a supply demand twist around, word form 1 shows the effect that legalizing marijuana would have. With the de mand curve increasing in order to stay with equilibrium, the price equilibrium would increase. cipher 1 Effect of Legalizing MarijuanaAlthough legalizing marijuana has colossal potential of increasing tax revenue, a sense of morality is seeming to appear due to the perceived negative effect of health throughout the population. With this in mind the government can either accrue expending by raising taxes or increase it by dropping taxes. Figure 2 shows the effect if taxes are increase and consumption of marijuana is decreased.Figure 2 Increase in Marijuana TaxAs shown by the graph, if marijuana taxes are increased, the supply curve would shift to the left. The quantity supplied would decrease from Q*1 to Q*2. This shift in supply changes the equilibrium from E1 to E2 and the price is increased from P*1 to P*2. Increasing taxes too much can have a negative effect because if taxes get too high marijuana growers will want to sell in the black market to avoid the high taxes.In additi on to law enforcement expenses and forgone profit, another aspect that illegal marijuana hinders is the emergence of a new industry and job opportunities across America. With the legalization of marijuana comes a plethora of career options and job opportunities. Also, those who were previously victims of incarceration from the distribution of cannabis can now mayhap start a legal profitable business. One such business that has already taken off is the medical marijuana industry. According to Quentin Fottrell from commercialize Watch, the medical marijuana industry is, estimated to be worth about $1.7 billion as of 2011, (Fottrell, 2012). In Colorado alone, sales topped $181 million in 2010, and the business employed 4,200 state-licensed workers, (Fottrell, 2012).The new marijuana industry spans from medical producers, to agricultural-equipment firms, dispensaries, vaporizers, and even edible goods. Producers are now able to ship the drugs out to the customers, as drug trafficking i s no longer be illegal. This is one of the many ways new jobs are being created.The marijuana industry will also raise our Gross Domestic Product because it can be big(a) and sold here in the USA. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Illicit drugs accounted for 1% of the worlds GDP, (Whitaker, 2009). One percent doesnt sound like much at all, but this 1% is higher than 88% of all countries GDPs in the world (Whitaker, 2009). People participating in the marijuana industry would not only have a stable source of income, but also a legal source that would be taxed.From the consumers perspective, the legalization of marijuana could toy with lower prices. Since there will be countless ways for purchasing legal marijuana, more competition will arise which will result in decreased prices for the consumer. Consumers will no longer have to pay such a high price resulting in an increase in their available funds that they can invest, putting money directly rearward into the economy.The newly legalized marijuana market also creates investment opportunities. Medbox (OTNMDBX) has an unlisted stock with a $45 million market cap, (Fottrell, 2012). Medical Marijuana (OTNMJNA), has an OTC stock with a $69 million market cap, (Fottrell, 2012). And Cannabis learning in Colorado Springs, Colo. (OTNCBIS), has an OTC stock with a $41 million market cap, (Fottrell, 2012). These new investment opportunities encourage investors to feed into the economy and bring in the free market. As old products are losing ground, this new market is rapidly gaining appeal and helping the economy every step of the way.In conclusion, the legalization of marijuana brings up an interesting opportunity for the government. If they become the suppliers of the good, they can produce on the true supply or marginal cost curve and then replace the cost of arresting and fighting dealers with marijuana revenue. A great deal of tax payer money goes into catching those who buy or sell ill egal drugs on the black market, prosecuting them in court, and trapping them in jail. These costs seem particularly exorbitant when dealing with the drug marijuana, as it is widely used, and is likely no more harmful than presently legal drugs such as tobacco and alcohol. When looking at marijuanas effect on the economy as a whole, the positive and lucrative impact cannot be ignored. From the creation of new job opportunities, to the abundant new supply of revenue, and even the savings incurred from removing prohibition, it is clear that the economic impact created by the legalization of marijuana is beneficial to us all.

Emirates Airlines Pest Analysis Tourism Essay

Emi judge formlines Pest Analysis touristry EssayIn 1985 Emirates Airlines was ceremonious by Dubai G e realplacenment with erect two aircrafts. To twenty-four hours Emirates has 83 aircrafts files to 78 destinations in 55 countries human beingwide. It has a large number of cabin crews from 95 nationalities. It recently make an aircraft baseb exclusively clubs worth more(prenominal) than $ 26 billion for 45 Airbus A380, which makes the club the worlds largest purchaser of Airbuss super-jumbo. (Ab discover Emirates)Emirates Airlines recently becomes one of the fastest festering air passages and the fifth-most- sugarable airway in the world. It has been growing by more than 20% a stratum since the last 17 days making a profit of $637 zillion in 2004-05. (BBC News)Emirates Airlines is committed to achieve its mission, denominationly offering consistently high- select value-for-money fierceevelopment and to be the high hat flight of stairs path on all(prenominal) of its routes. Accordingly, it is kn declargon as an innovative and customer-oriented provider of in advance(p) servings, such(prenominal) as offering personalised entertainment system in all classes, 18 TV channels, 22 audio channels and online involution table service which enables customers to book, search for flights and choose seats. (About Emirates)Because of that excellence, it gained over 280 international cedes, such as the prestigious CAPA airline of the year award 2005 by the Centre for Asia Pacific air travel.The airline industriousness is walk outed by political situations, that is to say wars and terrorism. For instance, terrorists activities in different areas globally, namely USA (11th Sep), UK, Lebanon and Qatar make the regions un loving for tourists and art travellers and reduce the passengers traffic.The political instability affected transactiones in the midst of airlines in midsection easternmost and the world by facing a difficulty to join any inte rnational alliances with any of the airlines leaders such as Ameri whoremonger Airlines. (Growth phenomena, Nora Byman)Economical factorsOne of the factors behind any supremacy airlines is having modern airports hurted with latest technology to meet customers requirements. UAE for example plans to consecrate in bettering its main airports in Abu Dhabi and Dubai. The UAEs total coronations on airport nurture over coming 20 years will turn over Dh 71 billion.The benefits of create airports are enhancing economy, minify depends on oil revenues by moving into modern sector ( touristry), change magnitude tourists number and on that pointby cause net contrive to airline unwaveringlys. Globally, alliance is considered as the main factor of umpteen airlines companies success as it reduces the operation court. kind factors slightly of those factors are change magnitude worlds cosmos, tourists and number of educated people. For instance, the population is growing global ly, in UAE the population in 2002 was 3,754,000 people and r each(prenominal)ed to 4,320,000 in 2004, this is because UAE is a multicultural country. As the number of expatriates is increase, airlines firms meshwork will increase, because those expatriates need to travel to their homeland sometime. Additionally, many diseases influence the population in many courtiers, like damn Flu, those killer diseases affect airline pains since they reduce populations level. (Economic Development)Technological factorsThe new technology affected airline industry negatively and positively. For example, the technology of teleconferencing reduced the need for scene to face blood line meetings which affects on the number of byplay travellers and on the sales of business tickets. However, e-booking system makes the reservation easier and save many expenses such as reducing the printed tickets. (Current State) in that respect is a growth in internet usage worldwide. In the UAE, internet account s are likely to grow from 251,000 in 2001 to pinch 600,000 accounts by 2006. Thus, local airlines industry should provide online services to name agonistic advantage ex. Emirates Airline. (UAE to remain on top in Arab Internet market) sexual EnvironmentSWOT analysisStrengthsMember of the Arab alliance, k without delayn as Arab Air Carriers Organization promoting cooperation, safety standards among Arab airlines (Arab Air).First airline in Arab ball that offers online booking service.Offering long-haul flights, like from US to Dubai.Offering self check-in service for customers at Dubai airport (Emirates expands).At Dubai Air Show 2005, Emirates made an aircraft order of 45 Airbus by 2012 making it the worlds largest purchaser of Airbuss super-jumbo.Providing employees with training, rewards and performance programs, thus reducing labour termss and increasing employees loyalty (People).An official sponsor of 2006 Fifa World Cup, which will increase its brand awareness.It has its own Frequent Flyer grandcast known as Skywards Miles that shared with Sri Lankan Airways.It has recently chosen Dexterra diligent Platform to enable front-office mobile solutions that will enhance customer service interaction (Unisys).It offers training service to new(prenominal) airlines in Middle East which increase its profit.WeaknessesHigh Operation costs due to huge investment on buying aircrafts and implementing new technologies.Known of its high prices of tickets comparing to other(a) airlines.Not a member of any global alliances (UAE).It doesnt take up a hub in Abu Dhabi airport (capital of the UAE).Young airline that was effected in 1985OpportunitiesThe income per capita is growing in UAE.Lots of investments will be made by the giving medication of UAE for developing main airports in Dubai and Abu Dhabi.There is an overall growth in the population of the world and in UAE.World Travel Tourism Council forecasts that on that point will be an annual growth in the numb er of UAE tourists.There is an expected growth in internet users worldwide and in UAE.Aviation events such as Dubai Air Show promotes for Middle East airlines among other participates worldwide airlines and show the growing of aviation industry in Middle East.ThreatsIt is located in politically instable region and the terrorism activities have been increase in Middle East recently.Increase of aviation security costs and insurance which increase the operational costs of airlines.The increase of the fuel prices which agitate the operational costs.The airline industry expertness face losses of almost $ 3 billion if the oil prices did not reduce (IATA).New entrants and the remonstrate of humble cost airlines.The e-ticking system end be abuse by the hackers or it aptitude be crashed by viruses, this will damage the union database and will cost a lot of money.Passengers can be a nemesis to the company, as they have a strong power in the airline industry.The natural crises such as the earthquake and hurricane. As mentioned by Al-Arabia channel, Dubai is threaten by an earthquake (2005). This will affect the tourism in this region, which will reflect in the Emirates airline.There is a possibility of rapid spread of new acute diseases such as SARS and Bird Flue that affect tourism and airlines. strategical planning sit pilesThere is no one perfect strategical planning mock up for each arranging. soulfulnessly organization ends up developing its own nature and precedent of strategic planning, often by selecting a exemplar and modifying it as they go on in developing their own planning process. The pursuance models provide a range of alternatives from which organizations susceptibility select an address and stimulate to develop their own strategic planning process. An organization might choose to integrate the models, e.g., exploitation a scenario model to creatively identify strategic issues and goals, and wherefore an issues-based model to c arefully strategize to overlay the issues and reach the goals.The adjacent models admit factorary strategic planning, issue-based (or goal-based), alignment, scenario, and organic planning.Model One Basic strategical projectningThis very basic process is typically followed by organizations that are extremely small, busy, and have not done much strategic planning before. The process might be implemented in year one of the nonprofits to get a sense of how planning is conducted, and then embellished in later years with more planning phases and activities to ensure intimately-rounded direction for the nonprofits. Planning is usually carried out by top-level precaution. The basic strategic planning process includes get word firms habit (mission statement)Select the goals your organization moldiness(prenominal) reach if it is to accomplish your missionIdentify unique(predicate) approaches or strategies that must be implemented to reach each goalIdentify specific action plans to implement each dodgingMonitor and update the planModel Two Issue-Based (or Goal-Based) PlanningOrganizations that begin with the basic planning approach described above, often evolve to employ this more comprehensive and more effective case of planning.Organizations that begin with the basic planning approach described above often evolve to using this more comprehensive and more effective type of planning.Summary of Issue-Based (or Goal-Based) strategic Planning(Note that an organization may not do all of the following activities every year.)External/internal assessment to identify SWOT (Strengths and Weaknesses and Opportunities and Threats)Strategic analysis to identify and prioritize major issues/goalsDe subscribe major strategies (or programs) to address issues/goalsDesign/update vision, mission and values(some organizations may do this first in planning)Establish action plans (objectives, resource call for, roles and responsibilities for implementation)Record issues, g oals, strategies/programs, updated mission and vision, and action plans in a Strategic Plan document, and attach SWOT, etc.Develop the annual Operating Plan document(from year one of the multi-year strategic plan)Develop and pass away Budget for year one(allocation of funds needed to fund year one) manners the organizations year-one operationsMonitor/review/evaluate/update Strategic Plan document.Model Three Alignment ModelThe overall purpose of the model is to ensure strong alignment among the organizations mission and its resources to effectively operate the organization. This model is useful for organizations that need to fine-tune strategies or find out wherefore they are not working. An organization might also choose this model if it is experiencing a large number of issues around internal efficiencies. Overall locomote includeThe planning collection outlines the organizations mission, programs, resources, and needed support.Identify whats working well and what needs adju stment.Identify how these adjustmentsModel Four Scenario PlanningThis approach might be used in conjunction with other models to ensure planners in truth undertake strategic thinking. The model may be useful, particularly in identifying strategic issues and goals.Select several extraneous forces and imagine related changes which might influence the organization, e.g., change in regulations, demographic changes, etc. Scanning the report for key headlines often suggests potential changes that might affect the organization.For each change in a force, discuss three different future organizational scenarios (including best case, worst case, and OK/reasonable case) which might arise with the organization as a result of each change. Reviewing the worst-case scenario often provokes strong demand to change the organization.Suggest what the organization might do, or potential strategies, in each of the three scenarios to respond to each change.Planners soon detect roughhewn consideratio ns or strategies that must be addressed to respond to possible outside(a) changes.Select the most likely external changes to effect the organization, e.g., over the beside three to five years, and identify the most reasonable strategies the organization can undertake to respond to the change.Model Five Organic (or Self-Organizing) Planning tralatitious strategic planning processes are sometimes considered mechanistic or linear, i.e., theyre sooner world(a)-to-specific or cause-and-effect in nature. For example, the processes often begin by conducting a ample assessment of the external and internal environments of the organization, conducting a strategic analysis (SWOT analysis), constraining down to identifying and prioritizing issues, and then developing specific strategies to address the specific issues.another(prenominal) view of planning is similar to the development of an organism, i.e., an organic, self-organizing process. Certain cultures, e.g., Native American Indians, might prefer unfolding and naturalistic organic planning processes more than the traditional mechanistic, linear processes. Self-organizing requires continual reference to common values, dialoguing around these values, and go along shared reflection around the systems current processes.General steps includeClarify and articulate the organizations cultural values. Use negotiation and story-boarding techniques.Articulate the groups vision for the organization. Use dialogue and story-boarding techniques.On an ongoing basis, e.g., once every quarter, dialogue about what processes are needed to arrive at the vision and what the group is going to do now about those processes.Continually remind yourself and others that this type of naturalistic planning is never really over with, and that, rather, the group needs to learn to conduct its own values clarification, dialogue/reflection, and process updates.Be very, very patient.Focus on learning and less on method. involve the group to refl ect on how the organization will portray its strategic plans to stakeholders, etc., who often expect the mechanistic, linear plan formats.Managing risk attempt recognisement is a process used to avoid, reduce or swear risks. Some risks can be insured against, others cannot. Organisations deal with their insurable risks but can be applied to all risks. Ignoring the risks which apply to hospitality and tourism business activities or the events business have planned could impact on the followingthe health and safety of employees, customers, volunteers andparticipantsreputation, credibility and statuspublic and customer embodied trust in the organisationfinancial positionplant, equipment and the environmentA dictatorial approach to managing risk is now regarded as good centeringPractice. pastime is the best example from International Hilton Group (IHG).Process and frameworkIHG has an established risk management process and framework embedded in all regions. The semipermanent strat egic goals are aligned with the IHG core purpose swell Hotels Guests Love and include these key elementssafety and security of guests, employees and other third partiesbrand strength supported by operational excellence in risk management at all hotels and corporate locationsMaintenance and advancement of the reputation of the Company.Our approach has been to enable and support hotel owners, staff and corporate percentages to manage risk effectively. This is accomplished by giving them a systematic approach and framework to follow and by providing them with tools to do the job.The Risk Management function aims to share specialist knowledge and capability globally.Safety and security in hotelsA strategic framework for hotel safety and security has been designed for owned and managed hotels and is illustrated below showing the identified groups of risks and describing the management activities carried out to mitigate the risks.The red wheel illustrates the groups of risks which IHG s risk managers around the world work on with IHG general managers and their management teams in order to minimise the risks and keep the hotels safe.Over the years we have developed risk management strategies to assess and treat individual types of risk. This has involved developing policies, standards and guidelines, raising awareness levels, training staff on the controls and systems which have been developed for their use and reviewing and reporting upon progress and continued risks. These management activities are represented by the purple wheel.Hotel safety framework security system risks, particularly the threat of terrorism, have increased. In recent years, IHG has developed an more and more sophisticated response that is intelligence-led and risk-based. The security risk environment is highly participating and needs to be managed both centrally and locally in hotels. In common with all risk strategies, on that point are three elements that must be developed and maintaine d physical and technical systems, people capabilities and processes and procedures. incorporated risk managementThe management activities shown above are being equal and applied to manage corporate risks. This initiative is led by the administrator commissioning, facilitated by the Risk Management function and integrated with quarterly strategic reviews.IHGs Risk Management function has recently reviewed the way in which corporate risk and the major risks to IHG are managed and are seeking to develop a framework to mitigate risk management capability further, represented graphically belowCorporate risk managementEach year, risk realization workshops are run with the senior IHG management. The output is a Group Risk Register, divided into areas of accountability for each member of the Executive perpetration.The Executive Committee uses the findings to identify the major areas of risk for IHG and to assign accountability for cross-functional leadership amid them. The Executive Committee prioritises and co-ordinates efforts to optimise the management of major risks to IHG.Risk owners then identify existing controls as well as the ability, benefit and cost to improve them. This work is documented in Risk Action Plans that support the risks that are reported in the Group Risk Register.Executives review the risks at quarterly strategic reviews as part of their business review with the principal(prenominal) Executive and dodging team. Global Risk Management also submits diurnal incident reports and two major reports each year to the Executive Committee and the bill of fare on hotel safety and security as well as a further report on the major risks to IHG.The Internal canvass function is separately accountable for providing assurance across the Group. They report their findings to the analyze Committee. This ensures separation of duties between the Risk Management and Internal Audit functions and accordingly supports good governance.The Board is ultimat ely responsible for the Groups system of internal control and risk management and for reviewing its effectiveness. In order to discharge that responsibility, in 2008 the Board considered the most recent Major Risk Review which involved encompassing consultation throughout the business.Strategy and ethicsThe hospitality industry is made up of many companies who are run by business people. disdain people who put short-term profits ahead of concern for the long-term health of the company or who make additional profits by failing to spend the money necessary to handle toxic devastate or pollution resulting from the manufacturing process, are not professionals and harm the reputation of the industry as a profession . The scandalous behaviour of some business leaders in the past decade has damaged the reputation of business with the community. The former what is good for business is good for the country has been replaced with a erosive distrust of big business.Corporate societal resp onsibility requires organizations to demonstrate responsible business conduct that does no harm in the marketplace, in the workplace, in the community they operate in, and to the natural environment. The actions of business impact the local, national, and global community, so businesses have a responsibility to ensure that the impact is positive.Corporate Social Responsibility also involves achieving commercial success in ways that recognize ethical values and respect people, communities, and the natural environment. There is no universally accepted definition of CSR, but most of the definitions have to do with business having a positive impact on the community and meeting or exceeding public expectations of good corporate citizenship.Ethics in TourismEthical principals apply to all individuals, communities and societies they also apply to all the bodies in tourism in their respective specific roles. This entails both rights and responsibilities. Concrete and specific ethical stand ards for behaviour and practises in tourism must follow the broad principles as outlined here.Solidarity with those who are directly and strongly affected by tourism and who suffer from unjust structures connected with tourism, and solidarity with those who need material or political and philosophical support in defending their interests and rights which are threatened by tourism development or which are ignored in decision making processesJustice in a world tourism order, an aim which intends to change all structures of injustice that exists in the fields of economics, politics, social and cultural conductRespect of diversity in the various areas of life societies, environment, cultures, religions and politics which calls for sensitivity to difference and the practice of tolerance.Authentic information for all people involved or interested in tourism. Such sure information is a basic need for a just world tourism order. This places a particular responsibility on the media to be objective, beautiful and truthful when reporting on tourism. Professionals engaged in tourism grooming should also promote need for authentic research and information to develop sensitised and aware personnel in tourism.In order to improve the present situation in tourism and to minimize its negative impacts, firms must urge all (nation) those involved to contribute the best of their knowledge, abilities, and skills towards a tourism that is in line with these ethical principles.The tourists board must involve the governments, other public authorities, decision makers and professionals in the field of tourism, public and private associations and institutions whose activities are related to tourism, tourists and local communities to adopt the realistic principles and work towards the mutual objectives.Strategic VS operational conflictsJust like any other business, Tourism melody planning always have a strategic and an operational element to position the strategies. In order to ma ke the intangible and highly cutting industry firms must be able to balance the different roles and go for strategic and operational plans.A Strategic Plan is an organizations summary of the development process and the presentation of core directionsAn Operational Plan is an annual work plan explaining how the goals of the strategic plan will be implemented and what figure and processes are required.Strategic planning helps the organisation to pull back the lens, get a big picture view and consider future scenarios. It gives you the best opportunity to maintain control, avoid serious pitfalls and capture opportunities. Thinking strategically about business involves creating a vision for where you want to be in 2, 5 or 10 years, Strategic planning is not just for big companies and has benefits no matter what the goals. The defined goals might include increasing the sales or market share. Goals may also include environmental and sustainability targets or to sell the business.Operat ional planning focuses tightly on the day to day operations with no more than a 12 calendar month cycle. Depending on the farms activities, the manager might want to further break things down to daily, weekly, monthly or seasonal active. Operational planning focuses on adjusting and developing controls, increasing efficiencies and reducing time and investment.Conclusion and RecommendationThe airline industry is a huge market as there are 900 airlines companies internationally with total of nearly 22,000 aircrafts, nevertheless it has a low growth rates as it is in its mature stage of life cycle. (The economic social benefits of air transport).For any new entry the airline industry is considered to be unattractive, because the demand is low, the competition is strong and the operation costs are increasing. However, for Emirates Airlines it is attractive as its strategy and market position creates a good defense mechanism against its competitor. For example, it created a strong bran d name and customer loyalty in the market by implementing the latest technologies in its services to be positioned as a pioneer in the airline field. It also achieves high profits yearly as it focuses proficiently to enhance its market position by differentiating in its strategies that would be used to attract customers such as visor frequent program. in like manner, it has many chances to overcome with all the obstacles that might occur and affect the airline industry such as political or sparing problems, etc. as it is a member in Emirates Group which enables share-out resources and reducing the companys expenses, thus leading the company to protect its position in the market.Overall, Emirates has a great market position plus its a profitable airline which is measured as a competitive advantage, since it has the opportunity to make out and expand its business to gain higher profits.Emirates Airlines adopts differentiation generic strategy to gain a competitive advantage amongst its competitors by offering the highest quality services in order to be the best company in the market and differentiates from its competitors. For example, Emirates airlines was the first airline that offered TV screen for all aircrafts classes. Also it was the first company in the Middle East to serve the e-ticketing.In addition, it gained a competitive advantage by focusing in new segments in the market. For instance, it provides another airline companies such as Qatar Airways with training courses by using the most modern machines, called plane simulator to be the only company in the Middle East that offers such service. The aim of such changes is to be the leader in industry by increasing the brand name awareness regionally and internationally which will increase the demand and the profit as well.As the Airline industry is in the maturity stage, there is a strong competition between airline firms. Each firm should use offensive strategies besides doing analysis for internal an d external factors that may affect its position. The research and analysis for Emirates airlines address following recommendationsThe operational cost is increasing due to huge investments of Emirates on aircrafts and services and increase in fuel prices. Emirates should reduce the costs by making operational improvements, namely improving maintenance processes, maintaining high aircraft utilization and making effective flight scheduling. It could also be reduced by investing technology in distribution channels to reduce labour costs.In response to the threat of low cost airlines, Emirates shouldnt lower its fares after years of offering advanced services, instead it has to offer new low cost brand as a subsidiary of Emirates group serving economic travellers who are now customers of new low cost airlines, thus expanding the market share.Extending routes is recommended especially there is a growth in tourism UAE. There are main regions in the world that Emirates do not have routes i n, namely Canada, It has to insure destinations worldwide (especially attractive areas). Joining a global alliance enables increasing its destinations, offering more fare options for customers helping to solve problems of new low cost airline.Investigating technology is recommended for improving customer service and Emirates has to sign contract with an e-business company that offers airlines technology solutions.Generally, Emirates should do analysis for internal and external factors and its competitors and develop new strategies to stay competitive in the maturity stage.